Global Journal of Sport and Exercise Science (GJSES)
type: channel
description: The Global Journal of Sport and Exercise Science (GJSES) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research in the fields of sport science, physical education, and related disciplines. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including exercise physiology, biomechanics, motor learning, sport psychology, sports training science, teaching methods, measurement and evaluation, sport management, sports medicine, anatomy, and other areas related to human movement and physical performance. GJSES provides a global platform for researchers, academics, and practitioners to disseminate innovative scientific findings and contribute to the advancement of sport and exercise science worldwide. The journal operates under a free publication policy and does not charge any submission, processing, or publication fees.
publisher: The Global Journal of Sport and Exercise Science (GJSES)
language: en
publication name: Global Journal of Sport and Exercise Science (GJSES)
issn: 3080-0307
copyright: Copyright & Licensing Policy: Open Access Policy: This journal follows a fully Open Access model, which means all published research articles are freely available to readers without any subscription or access fees. Anyone can read, download, copy, distribute, print, and cite the published work without restrictions, as long as they comply with the journal’s licensing terms. Copyright & License: All articles published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). This license allows unrestricted reuse and distribution, provided that proper credit is given to the original author and source. Authors retain full copyright ownership of their work while granting the journal the right to publish it for the first time under this license. Author Responsibilities: Authors must agree to the journal’s licensing terms before publication. Submitted manuscripts must be original and not published or under consideration elsewhere during the review process. Any reuse of published content by third parties must comply with the CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring no additional restrictions are imposed on reuse. Publication Fees (free to publish): This journal (free to publish) does not charge any fees for access to published research, supporting the principle of free and open scientific knowledge for all.
items: Emotional Intelligence Perspective in Sport: Bibliometric Analysis of Psychological Journals Indexed in Scopus (2013-2025)
items: Influence of ACE Gene Polymorphism on Heart Rate Dynamics During Submaximal Exercise Following a 3-Month Fartlek Training Program in Male Adolescents
items: Corporate sponsorship and sports facilities development in Delta State, Nigeria: Athlete, organisation, and event sponsorship as drivers of infrastructure
items: Social Influence or Lifestyle? Motivational Drivers of Trail Running Participation Among Young Adults in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
items: Intra-pair comparison among twins, physical self-esteem, and motivation for exercise and physical education in adolescence: a cross-sectional study
items: The role of psychological skills training in optimizing athletic performance in Nigeria
items: Observational learning and sports development in Nigeria: challenges and prospects for sustainable growth
items: Influence of caffeine on sports performance
items: Environmental determinants of parasitic infections among women in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State: a focus on climate change and deforestation
items: Longitudinal clustering in kinesiology 2: the longclust package in R
items: Longitudinal clustering in kinesiology 1: the bare essentials of the kml and kml3d packages in R
items: Effect of stable and unstable loads on post-activation performance enhancement in the countermovement jump
items: Acute Effects of a Single Session of Resistance Training on Functional and Mechanical Properties of Leg Muscles of Article
items: Design and Development of a Biomechanical Sports Device for Rehabilitation of Spinal Disorders
items: Effects of Active vs Passive Cool-Down on Ultra-Early Post-Exercise Haemodynamics in Healthy Young Men: A Preliminary Study
items: The impact of psychological skill training on selected psychological attributes on female football players
items: Assessing Level of Physical Activity Among University Students in Rwanda and the Associated Factors
items: The relationship of the isometric and dynamic rate of force development with sprinting ability
items: Personality Traits and their Relationship to Elite Rugby League Performance
items: Behind the spotlight, “The marital struggles of Athletes”
items: Role of Minimalist Footwear on Stability, Change of Direction, and Force Production: A Randomized Crossover Trial
items: Fan Perception and administrative influence: evaluating the management of the female African cup of nations and its impact on team morale and performance
items: NCAA DI Student-Athletes' Understanding of and Attitudes Toward Mental Performance Services
items: The Integration of motor-mindedness in coaching strategies and its impact on youth athletic performance in Rivers state, Nigeria
items: The Correlation between Net Impulse and Phases of Linear Sprint Performance in University American Football Players
items: Exploring coaches’ competence as a predictor of athletes’ sports achievement in south-south Nigeria
items: The Phenomenon of Sports Violence in the Stadiums of the Kurdistan Region from the Perspective of Students of the Sports Institute in Akrê
items: A Comparative Study of Psychological Stress Among Students of Selected Scientific and Humanitarian Colleges at the University of Duhok
items: The Contribution Ratio of Selected Physical Attributes to the Performance of Selected Basic Offensive Skills in Basketball among Players of the University of Zakho National Team
items: Mechanomyographic Amplitude-Force Relationships of the Biceps Brachii Differ Between Sexes During Linearly Varying Muscle Actions and Provide Insight on Muscle Morphology

Emotional Intelligence Perspective in Sport: Bibliometric Analysis of Psychological Journals Indexed in Scopus (2013-2025)
type: item
description: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a key factor in sports, facilitating emotional self-regulation, resilience, and decision-making. Although international research on this topic has grown, contributions from Latin America and Costa Rica remain scarce. This study analyzed scientific production on EI in sports through a bibliometric approach applied to psychology journals indexed in Scopus from 2013 to 2025. A mixed-methods design with a quantitative and sequential focus was used. The sample included 112 articles selected from an initial corpus of 862. Data were analyzed with Biblioshiny in R Studio, considering productivity, collaboration, visibility, and impact indicators, complemented by a qualitative review of the 20 most-cited papers. Findings showed a 15.9% decrease in annual production, while the average citations per document remained stable at 17.5. Spain led in publication output, followed by the United Kingdom and Canada, with international collaboration prevailing in Europe and North America. The most common research lines addressed trait EI, self-compassion, and emotional regulation. Overall, research on emotional intelligence in sports has yet to consolidate but shows growing visibility and progress. These results highlight the need to strengthen Latin American scientific production and promote EI application in training and athletic development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: sport
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometrics
  topic: keywords
subject: scopus
  topic: keywords
subject: theoretical models
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariam Ruiz
creator: Pablo Sánchez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mariam Ruiz, Pablo Sánchez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/cpegfr15

Influence of ACE Gene Polymorphism on Heart Rate Dynamics During Submaximal Exercise Following a 3-Month Fartlek Training Program in Male Adolescents
type: item
description: Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism on heart rate dynamics during submaximal exercise in male adolescents after participating in a fartlek exercise program for 3 months. Methods: This quantitative experimental study involved 59 healthy male adolescents aged 13–15 years who participated in a structured fartlek training program for 12 weeks. ACE genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and classified into ACE II and non-II (ID/DD) groups. Heart rate was measured every minute during 6 minutes of submaximal stationary cycling exercise before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: After the intervention, there was a significant decrease in heart rate across all minutes of exercise in both genotype groups (p < 0.001). The group with the ACE II genotype showed a greater decrease in heart rate than the non-II group, indicating more efficient cardiovascular adaptation to endurance-based exercise. Conclusion: ACE gene polymorphisms influence heart rate dynamics during submaximal exercise in adolescent boys after fartlek training. ACE II genotype is associated with higher cardiovascular efficiency, confirming the role of genetic variation as a biological modulator of adaptive responses to exercise.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: ACE gene polymorphism
  topic: keywords
subject: heart rate dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: submaximal exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: endurance-based training
  topic: keywords
subject: adolescents
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatoni Fatoni
creator: Muhammad Kamal
creator: Hasbi Asyhari
creator: Juhanis Juhanis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fatoni Fatoni, Muhammad Kamal, Hasbi Asyhari, Juhanis Juhanis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/cxm5em66

Corporate sponsorship and sports facilities development in Delta State, Nigeria: Athlete, organisation, and event sponsorship as drivers of infrastructure
type: item
description: Abstract This study investigates the influence of corporate organization’ sponsorships on sports facilities development in Delta State. Sponsorship types considered included athlete sponsorships, organization sponsorships, sports event sponsorships, and brand/marketing strategies. Regression analysis of responses from 403 sports stakeholders revealed that corporate sponsorships jointly accounted for 50.3% of the variance in sports facilities development. Athlete sponsorship and event sponsorship showed significant relative impacts, while brand/marketing strategies were also influential. The study found that returns on investment (ROI) and tax waivers were critical incentives to attract private investors. Findings underscore the need for robust public-private partnerships (PPPs) to overcome government funding shortfalls and develop world-class facilities.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate sponsorship, sports infrastructure, public-private partnership, and athlete sponsorships
  topic: keywords
creator: Godspower Avwerosuoghene Odedede
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Godspower Avwerosuoghene Odedede (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/e1hdkq90

Social Influence or Lifestyle? Motivational Drivers of Trail Running Participation Among Young Adults in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
type: item
description: Trail running has become increasingly popular among young adults in Malaybalay City, blending recreation, wellness, and community engagement. This growing interest raises questions about whether participation stems from genuine lifestyle commitment or the influence of social trends and peer groups. Using a phenomenological approach, the inquiry drew from in-depth interviews with young adult trail runners in Malaybalay City to uncover their lived experiences and motivations to highlight both personal lifestyle choices and social influences shaping participation. The findings reveal that trail running participation among young adults is driven by interconnected personal motivations, lifestyle integration, and social support. Engagement is sustained through health benefits, emotional well-being, goal achievement, enjoyment, and strong community connections. The results suggest that promoting trail running should focus on both personal well-being and community engagement to support sustained participation. Programs and initiatives that highlight health benefits, goal setting, and inclusive social environments may encourage more young adults to adopt trail running as a long-term lifestyle practice.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trail Running
  topic: keywords
subject: Recreational Sports
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Activity Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Health and Wellness
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Sports
  topic: keywords
creator: Dissi Jill Antipasado
creator: Juzanne Guille Guipetacio
creator: Angel Lejoy Vega
creator: Jessel Ann Bello
creator: Erwin II Moneva
creator: Cyjun Cj Calida
creator: Buddy Jeson Tuquib
creator: Evan Taja-on
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dissi Jill B. Antipasado, Juzanne Guille D. Guipetacio, Angel Lejoy S. Vega, Jessel Ann I. Bello, Erwin H. Moneva II, Cyjun Cj A. Calida, Buddy Jeson L. Tuquib, Dr. Evan P. Taja-on (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/ra0pcf54

Intra-pair comparison among twins, physical self-esteem, and motivation for exercise and physical education in adolescence: a cross-sectional study
type: item
description: This study analyzed the relationship between intra-pair comparison between twins in the physical domain, physical self-esteem, and motivation to exercise, physical activity in general, and participation in physical education (PE) classes, also testing the mediating role of physical self-esteem and intra-pair differences between the twin perceived as “more athletic” and “less athletic.” A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 40 adolescent twins (20 pairs), aged 12 to 18 years, who responded to self-report measures of unfavorable comparison, physical self-esteem, and motivational regulation in the contexts of exercise and PE. Analyses included Spearman correlations, linear regression controlling for age and gender, mediation testing, and intra-pair comparisons. The results indicated that unfavorable comparison was strongly associated with lower physical self-esteem and maintained a substantial predictive contribution after controlling for age and gender. At the motivational level, unfavorable comparison was associated with higher amotivation and lower autonomous motivation for exercise and PE. The indirect effect via physical self-esteem was not supported, suggesting that the influence of comparison may occur through more proximal and situational pathways. In the intra-pair analysis, the “more athletic” twin showed higher physical self-esteem and higher levels of autonomous motivation for exercise and PE, greater participation in PE, and lower amotivation for exercise (high effects). It is concluded that unfavorable comparison between twins is a relevant psychological marker, associated with lower physical self-esteem and less self-determined motivational profiles, with implications for pedagogical practices in PE aimed at reducing normative comparisons and promoting success criteria focused on individual progress.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: twins
  topic: keywords
subject: social comparison
  topic: keywords
subject: physical self-esteem
  topic: keywords
subject: motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Ana Leonor Oliveira
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Leonor Oliveira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/r8wc6y67

The role of psychological skills training in optimizing athletic performance in Nigeria
type: item
description: Athletic performance is increasingly recognized as a product of not only physical preparation but also psychological readiness. Psychological Skills Training (PST) offers a structured approach for developing mental strategies such as goal setting, self-talk, imagery, relaxation, and arousal regulation, which enable athletes to manage pressure, sustain focus, and enhance resilience. This paper explores the role of PST in optimizing athletic performance and its broader contribution to sport development, with emphasis on its global relevance and application within the Nigerian context. International evidence demonstrates that nations integrating psychological training into athlete development frameworks consistently achieve success in elite competitions while stimulating grassroots participation and economic benefits. In contrast, Nigeria’s sport sector, despite its abundance of natural talent, continues to face challenges such as inconsistent infrastructure, inadequate policy implementation, and limited use of psychological preparation. These shortcomings often undermine athletes’ confidence, concentration, and performance outcomes on the international stage. The study argues that PST can bridge the gap between raw talent and sustained achievement, offering athletes the psychological tools needed for competitive success while strengthening sport development systems. Recommendations are made for integrating PST into training curricula, coaching education, and grassroots programs in Nigeria to ensure a holistic approach to athlete development. Ultimately, the paper underscores the dual role of PST as a catalyst for individual excellence and a strategic driver of national sport development.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Athletic performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Skills Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Athlete Development
  topic: keywords
creator: OKECHUKWU OKORIE
creator: Athan Amasiatu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OKECHUKWU OKORIE, Athan Amasiatu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/ssw3y369

Observational learning and sports development in Nigeria: challenges and prospects for sustainable growth
type: item
description: This study explores the role of observational learning in sports development within the Nigerian context, highlighting its current application, challenges, and future prospects. Observational learning, rooted in Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, emphasizes learning through the observation of others—making it particularly relevant in Nigeria, where formal sports training and coaching infrastructure are often inadequate. The study employed a descriptive survey design, with a sample of 300 respondents comprising athletes and coaches drawn from selected schools, academies, and sports institutions across three Nigerian states. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods.Findings revealed that majority of athletes rely heavily on observational learning for skill acquisition, often through watching elite athletes, peer modeling, and digital platforms such as YouTube and social media. However, challenges such as limited internet access, lack of structured feedback, and poor integration into coaching practices were identified as key barriers. Notably, athletes in urban areas had more access to digital tools, while those in rural areas were disadvantaged, indicating a digital divide.Despite these limitations, respondents recognized observational learning as a low-cost, scalable solution to bridge the gap in sports training and development. The study recommends the integration of observational learning techniques into formal coaching education, investment in digital infrastructure, and the development of locally relevant instructional content. These steps, if implemented, could significantly enhance athletic performance and promote inclusive sports development across Nigeria.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Observational learning
  topic: keywords
subject: sports development
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: digital access
  topic: keywords
subject: coaching
  topic: keywords
subject: athlete training
  topic: keywords
subject: social learning theory
  topic: keywords
creator: OKECHUKWU OKORIE
creator: CHUKWUDI AKALAZU
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OKECHUKWU OKORIE, CHUKWUDI AKALAZU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/82z5k508

Influence of caffeine on sports performance
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute caffeine supplementation on performance and physiological variables in recreationally physically active men. Methods: The sample consisted of 34 male subjects, aged 20 to 30 years, who were randomly divided into an experimental group that received caffeine (n = 16) and a placebo control group (n = 18). Initial and final measurements of aerobic endurance (beep test), explosive strength of the lower extremities (CMJ), maximum strength of the upper body (1RM bench press), reaction time, heart rate, blood pressure and perceived exertion (RPE) were performed on the subjects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to process the data, with the statistical significance level set at p < 0.05. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the caffeine group in the variables of aerobic endurance (F = 5.91; p = 0.020) and explosive power (F = 4.44; p = 0.041), while the other variables showed a trend of improvement without reaching statistical significance. Physiological parameters remained within the limits of physiological acceptability. Conclusion: Acute administration of caffeine has a selective ergogenic effect in a recreationally active population, especially in the domains of endurance and explosive power, without negative cardiovascular consequences.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bojan Bulatović
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bojan Bulatovik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/erm6az66

Environmental determinants of parasitic infections among women in Obio/Akpor LGA, Rivers State: a focus on climate change and deforestation
type: item
description: Background: Tropical parasitic diseases disproportionately affect women in rural and peri-urban Nigeria, particularly in regions like Obio/Akpor LGA, which are undergoing rapid land use changes and deforestation. Rising temperatures, altered rainfall, and habitat disruption are suspected to intensify parasite transmission. Objective: This study investigates how climate change and deforestation contribute to the prevalence of malaria and soil-transmitted helminths among women in Obio/Akpor. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, mixed-method design, 150 women aged 18–45 were sampled from 10 communities. Data included satellite-derived land-use analysis, local climate records, clinical screening for Plasmodium falciparum and helminths, and interviews on water use, sanitation, and deforestation exposure. Quantitative data were analyzed with logistic regression, and thematic analysis was performed on qualitative interviews. Results: Malaria prevalence was 52%, while 38% had at least one soil-transmitted helminth infection. Higher infection odds were associated with deforested areas (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6–4.9, p < 0.001) and increased mean annual temperature (+1.2 °C; OR = 1.15 per 0.5 °C rise, 95% CI: 1.05–1.27, p = 0.004). Qualitative themes highlighted reliance on open-source water and stagnant pools in cleared lands as key exposure pathways. Conclusion: Climate change and deforestation in Obio/Akpor are significant drivers of parasitic disease risk among women. Integrated environmental planning and health interventions such as reforestation, improved water sanitation, and adaptive mosquito control are urgently needed. Keywords: Parasitic infections, Deforestation, Climate change, Malaria, Helminths, Women’s health
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parasitic infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Deforestation
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Helminths
  topic: keywords
subject: Women’s health
  topic: keywords
creator: Owabie Princess
creator: Obirije Victory
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Owabie Princess, Obirije Victory (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/hnva2j93

Longitudinal clustering in kinesiology 2: the longclust package in R
type: item
description: High variation is common in longitudinal kinesiology studies, as participants may respond differently to interventions. In the previous article, implementation of longitudinal k-means in R is used in tandem with repeated measures (multivariate) analysis of variance to understand overall change, and to discover hidden trajectories. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how to analyze data using model-based clustering. The same synthetic dataset is analyzed, using the longclust package in R. Comparison with the kml and kml3d packages is discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: longitudinal clustering
  topic: keywords
subject: multivariate repeated measures
  topic: keywords
subject: cluster analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: longitudinal model-based clustering
  topic: keywords
subject: R
  topic: keywords
creator: Keston Lindsay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Keston Lindsay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.63750/rr27aa25

Longitudinal clustering in kinesiology 1: the bare essentials of the kml and kml3d packages in R
type: item
description: Longitudinal designs are common in the field of kinesiology, where there can often be high variability due to varying response patterns between participants. In studies where outcome changes are seen, there may be hidden groups of non-responders. Alternatively, in studies where no overall changes are seen, there may be hidden groups of responders. Longitudinal clustering is a method that is used to find unique trajectories in longitudinal designs. Cluster trajectories are a result of data quality, and clustering is not meant to be hypothesis driven. However, It may complement hypothesis-driven methods to better understand overall and nuanced change patterns. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how to analyze a synthetic dataset using the kml and kml3d packages in R. It is meant to be relatively non-technical, easy to use, and interpret for inexperienced coders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: repeated measures
  topic: keywords
subject: longitudinal clustering
  topic: keywords
subject: cluster analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: multivariate repeated measures
  topic: keywords
subject: R
  topic: keywords
subject: longitudinal k-means
  topic: keywords
creator: Keston Lindsay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Keston Lindsay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/nswme776

Effect of stable and unstable loads on post-activation performance enhancement in the countermovement jump
type: item
description: This study aimed to investigate the practicality of unstable loads and their effect on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), observed through force time kinematic variables in the countermovement jump (CMJ). Thirty-four collegiate male athletes participated in a randomized crossover experiment. Athletes were randomly assigned to first complete either the 20.4 kg barbell stable (ST) or 20.4 kg water bag unstable (US) load protocol After a 20-minute rest period, the subjects completed the other protocol. Protocols consisted of a baseline jump, two sets of three consecutive jumps with the load, then a second jump to retest. Force plate data were sampled at 1,000 Hz and predetermined landmarks of the force time curve were utilized to calculate key performance indicators. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA with condition (ST, US) and time (pre, post) as independent variables was used to assess outcome variables. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. No significant interaction or condition effects were present in findings (p > .05). Peak and average braking force (p = .001; p < .001 respectively), braking impulse (p < .001), takeoff velocity (p = .005), jump height (p = .006), center of mass (COM) depth (p = .006), and rate of force development (RFD) (p = .009) were all significantly different between the first and second jump for both ST and US conditions. The results of this study suggest that either stable or unstable loads may produce a PAPE effect, thus increasing the number of modalities available to achieve this outcome.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: water bag
  topic: keywords
subject: force-time
  topic: keywords
subject: jump kinematics
  topic: keywords
subject: instability training
  topic: keywords
creator: Anthony Campbell
creator: Charlie Ottinger
creator: Lauren Biscardi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony J Campbell MS, Charlie R Ottinger PhD, Lauren M Biscardi PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/f390w842

Acute Effects of a Single Session of Resistance Training on Functional and Mechanical Properties of Leg Muscles of Article
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of a single session of resistance training on the functional and mechanical properties of leg muscles in recreationally active men. Eighteen subjects, with a mean age of 31 ± 4 years, with at least six months of continuous recreational activity and a frequency of 2–3 physical activities per week, participated in the study. All subjects performed a standardized squat session with external load, while four tests were used to assess neuromuscular performance: Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Squat Jump (SJ), Wall-sit test and Repeated Jump Test (RJT). The results showed a statistically significant decrease in performance in all tests after training (CMJ: -9.2%, SJ: -7.2%, Wall-sit: -18.1%, RJT: -10.4%; p < 0.001), indicating pronounced acute neuromuscular fatigue. The largest decreases were registered in isometric and reactive strength tests, while the decrease in explosive strength was also significant. The data obtained confirm that even a single session of resistance training can induce measurable, temporary changes in functional capacity of leg muscles, emphasizing the importance of adequate rest and training intensity planning. Future research could examine different training protocols, populations of different age groups, and recovery strategies to further investigate acute neuromuscular responses and optimize training planning in recreational and competitive athletes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Motor Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Fatigue
  topic: keywords
subject: Explosive Power
  topic: keywords
subject: Endurance
  topic: keywords
subject: Training Effects
  topic: keywords
creator: Milan Trifkovic
creator: Dejan Gojkovic
creator: Milomir Trivun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Milan Trifkovic, Dejan Gojkovic, Milomir Trivun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/f42jhg90

Design and Development of a Biomechanical Sports Device for Rehabilitation of Spinal Disorders
type: item
description: Spinal disorders, such as disc herniation and sciatica, significantly affect mobility and quality of life. This study presents the design, development, and clinical evaluation of a novel biomechanical sports device for spinal rehabilitation. The device integrates principles of biomechanics, bioelectrics, and bioresonance, allowing the operator to control all therapy stages precisely. The system combines pneumatic jacks, linear bearings, IR infrared irradiation, electro-puncture, suction, and vibration mechanisms to provide targeted spinal support, reduce pain, improve blood circulation, and strengthen muscles around the injured vertebrae. Pilot tests conducted on 400 patients demonstrated recovery improvement within 5–10 sessions, with subsequent maintenance sessions ensuring long-term benefits. The proposed device offers a safe, effective, and scalable solution for spinal rehabilitation applicable in clinical, sports therapy, and general fitness settings. Keywords: Biomechanical Device; Spinal Rehabilitation; Musculoskeletal Biomechanics; Sports Therapy; Mechanical Design
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
creator: Masoud Khadem Pir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Masoud Khadem Pir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/j20psh72

Effects of Active vs Passive Cool-Down on Ultra-Early Post-Exercise Haemodynamics in Healthy Young Men: A Preliminary Study
type: item
description: Objectives: This study investigated ultra-early effects of active cool-down (AC) and passive cool-down (PC) on post-exercise haemodynamics and cardiorespiratory responses in healthy young men, to inform strategies to reduce exercise-induced syncope. Methods: Seven healthy, non-athletic male students performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) on a cycle ergometer, followed immediately by either AC (pedalling at 20 W) or PC (sitting without pedalling). Respiratory gas exchange was recorded breath-by-breath and averaged every 3 seconds. Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO₂), carbon dioxide output (VCO₂), and ventilation (VE) were measured at peak exercise and at 0, 3, and 6 seconds after the start of the cool-down. For descriptive purposes, responses up to 15 seconds were also plotted. Results: HR decreased significantly more during the first 3 seconds of recovery in PC than in AC (p = 0.03, d = 0.62). No significant differences in HR changes were observed between 3 and 6 seconds after cool-down initiation (p = 0.47). VO₂, VCO₂, and VE did not differ significantly between AC and PC at any of the measured time points (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that PC immediately after exercise induces a more abrupt early decline in HR than AC, potentially delaying ultra-early haemodynamic stabilisation during a time window in which exercise-induced syncope may occur. Incorporating light active recovery may help support safer haemodynamic recovery following exercise. Given the small sample size, these results should be confirmed in larger studies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Active cool-down
  topic: keywords
subject: Passive cool-down
  topic: keywords
subject: Haemodynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiorespiratory responses
  topic: keywords
subject: Exercise-induced syncope
  topic: keywords
creator: Atsuya Otsuka
creator: Yujiro Masu
creator: Junya Komagata
creator: Yuta Sakamoto
creator: Yuki Komatsu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Atsuya Otsuka, Yujiro Masu, Junya Komagata , Yuta Sakamoto , Yuki Komatsu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/rxkk7j46

The impact of psychological skill training on selected psychological attributes on female football players
type: item
description: Developing effective psychological skill training program for Players is a strategy for improving self -confidence, Team cohesion, motivation and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of psychological skill training on self-confidence, team cohesion, Motivation, anxiety variables. The study employed Experimental research design. 26 female football players of Dilla kenema with experimental and control group and it has divided randomly into 2 equal groups. Both the experimental group n =13 and control group n = 13. experimental group only participated in additional 8 week psychological skill training interventions which comprised as goal setting, self-talk, pep talk, imagery, progressive relaxation techniques, arousal regulation, team building strategies and relaxation response techniques were given through 3 phases which comprise educational, acquisitions and practical phases by sport psychologist. Both groups had taken pre and post-testing and all the subjects participated to response standard questionnaires: self-confidence was measured using trait sport confidence inventory, team cohesion was measured using group environment questioners, motivation were measured using sport motivation scale test and anxiety were measured using state trait anxiety inventory test .The data collected from the study subject was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software by paired t-test with level of significant 0.05. The results showed PST significantly improved the stated variables self-confidence, team cohesion, motivations and anxiety in experimental group at (p<0.05). Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in control group (p>0.05).
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological skill training, self-confidence, team-cohesion, motivation and anxiety
  topic: keywords
creator: assaye Gashaw Tilahun
creator: Lamesigen Frew
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 assaye Gashaw Tilahun, Lamesigen Frew (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/rqqtn856

Assessing Level of Physical Activity Among University Students in Rwanda and the Associated Factors
type: item
description: Background: Physical activity (PA) is vital for physical and mental health, yet its prevalence among university students in low- and middle-income countries, including Rwanda, remains underexplored. This study assessed PA levels and associated socio-demographic and institutional factors among university students in Rwanda. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was distributed online to students enrolled in Rwandan universities. Descriptive statistics summarized PA levels, and multivariate logistic regression identified associated factors. Results: Among 418 participants, 58.1% met criteria for health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA), 16.5% had minimal activity, and 25.4% were inactive. Male students were significantly more likely to engage in HEPA than females (OR = 2.57, p = 0.001), and students from public universities had higher odds of meeting HEPA thresholds than those in private institutions (OR = 2.30, p = 0.003). Key motivators included stress relief, improved fitness, and enjoyment, while barriers included lack of time, limited access to facilities, low motivation, and insufficient awareness. Open-ended responses emphasized the need for institutional support, peer encouragement, and accessible fitness spaces, especially for female students. Conclusion: Although most students engage in PA, a substantial proportion remains inactive. Gender and university type significantly influence PA levels. To promote equitable engagement, universities should implement gender-sensitive programs, invest in infrastructure, and raise awareness of PA benefits. Future research should explore cultural and psychosocial drivers to inform targeted interventions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lifestyle medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: physical activity
  topic: keywords
subject: university students
  topic: keywords
subject: Rwanda
  topic: keywords
creator: Jean Bertrand Aime Hakizimana
creator: Aime Pacifique Hakizimana
creator: Joselyne Nzisabira
creator: Sam Kamali
creator: Rex Wong
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jean Bertrand A. Hakizimana, Aime P. Hakizimana, Joselyne Nzisabira, Sam Kamali, Rex Wong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/z36d4q32

The relationship of the isometric and dynamic rate of force development with sprinting ability
type: item
description: Purpose: The rate of force development (RFD) is a commonly used indicator of explosive strength. While its relationship with various strength test parameters has been widely studied, its association with sprint performance remains less explored. This study investigated different RFD metrics from countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric deadlift tests and their correlation with sprint performance. Methods: Fifteen physically active male university students participated (age: 24.3±2.0 years, height: 181.8±5.4 cm, mass: 77.3±6.0 kg). Assessments included three CMJs, two isometric deadlift tests on a force plate, and two 30m sprints. Peak, mean RFD, and early-phase RFD values were analyzed, and Spearman’s rank-correlation was used to assess their relationship with sprint performance. Results: CMJ produced significantly higher RFD values than the isometric deadlift test, with peak RFD averaging 15349 ± 9866 N/s. No interpretable significant correlation was found between any RFD metrics and sprint performance. In contrast, relative isometric maximum strength (r=0.55; p=0.033) and jump height (r=0.82; p<0.001) showed significant correlations with sprint performance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that RFD metrics from CMJ and isometric deadlift tests may not be suitable indicators of sprinting ability and likely reflect different physical attributes. Maximal isometric strength and jump performance appear to be more reliable predictors of sprint capability.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: RFD
  topic: keywords
subject: explosive strength
  topic: keywords
subject: sprint performance
  topic: keywords
subject: vertical jump
  topic: keywords
subject: isometric strength
  topic: keywords
creator: Erik Kálmán Szabó
creator: Leonidas Petridis
creator: Rafael Krätschmer
creator: Fabian Stöcker
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Erik Kálmán Szabó, Leonidas Petridis, Rafael Krätschmer, Fabian Stöcker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/27kcwg16

Personality Traits and their Relationship to Elite Rugby League Performance
type: item
description: This study examined the relationship between personality traits and the sport of rugby league at the elite level. Literature reviewed during the course of this study indicated that there is a strong association between personality characteristics and success in sport. This in turn supported the concept of utilizing personality traits as a predictor of elite rugby league performance. The personality traits of a group of 67 past and present elite Australian rugby league players were assessed utilizing two personality tests, the CPI 260 and the PVSIII-R test of mental hardiness. The findings from this study demonstrated that there is a relationship between certain personality traits and elite rugby league performance. The elite players scored significantly higher in five of the 29 scales (traits) of the CPI 260. The results of this study support the Necessity Traits theory developed from this study as a robust model for predicting elite RL performance.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: mental hardiness
  topic: keywords
subject: necessity traits
  topic: keywords
subject: psychological characteristic
  topic: keywords
creator: David O'Keeffe
creator: Rudolph Alleyne
creator: Durae Padmore
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 David O'Keeffe, Dr. Rudolph Alleyne, Mr. Durae Padmore (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
doi: 10.63750/nkztte44

Behind the spotlight, “The marital struggles of Athletes”
type: item
description: Professional athletes often stand as symbols of strength, resilience, and achievement. Their lives, seemingly glamorous and enviable, are often romanticized by fans and the media. However, behind their public personas lies a stark contrast a realm of emotional turmoil, particularly in their marital and family lives. This paper explores the complex and often painful marital struggles faced by athletes, both in India and across the globe. Drawing upon real-life cases of notable sports personalities such as Hardik Pandya, Shikhar Dhawan, Sania Mirza, and others, this research unpacks the emotional, psychological, and financial impact of fame on intimate relationships. It also highlights the need for systemic support and responsible media coverage to humanize the pressures these individuals endure. Keywords: - Athlete marriages, marital struggles, media scrutiny, mental health in sports, family breakdown
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Athlete marriages, marital struggles, media scrutiny, mental health in sports, family breakdown
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Prithvi Raj Raj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Prithvi Raj Raj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/vwrw7z19

Role of Minimalist Footwear on Stability, Change of Direction, and Force Production: A Randomized Crossover Trial
type: item
description: The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of minimalist footwear (MFW) on participants’ ability to stabilize, change direction, and produce force. A randomized crossover design was used. Eighteen subjects participated. Participants tested in MFW and traditional running shoes (RS) and were randomly assigned an order. The protocol included a warm-up, limits of stability assessment, pro-agility test, modified t-test, countermovement, and isometric mid-thigh pull. No significant differences were found (p<0.05), and the effect sizes were trivial to small. For the limits of stability assessment, time (ES = 0.350) and backward (ES = 0.229) had small effect sizes with MFW performing better and right had a small effect size (ES = 0.287) with RS performing better. Every other variable for the limits of stability had a trivial effect size. For the pro-agility assessment there was a small effect size (ES = 0.429) with MFW performing better. For the modified t-test assessment there was a small effect size (ES = 0.411) with MFW performing better. For the countermovement jump, every variable had a trivial effect size. For the isometric mid-thigh pull, peak force (ES = 0.216), time to peak force (ES = 0.316), and rate of force development 0 – 50 ms (ES = 0.246) had a small effect size. Rate of force development 0 – 100 ms had a trivial effect size with MFW performing better. In conclusion, this indicates that MFW may not acutely influence stability and may positively influence change of direction and force production.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Minimalist Shoes
  topic: keywords
subject: Anaerobic Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Sports Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Agility
  topic: keywords
creator: Logan Allen
creator: Justin Kilian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Logan Allen, Justin Kilian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/w0pndm42

Fan Perception and administrative influence: evaluating the management of the female African cup of nations and its impact on team morale and performance
type: item
description: This study investigated the relationship between fans’ perceptions of tournament management and its perceived effects on team morale and competitive performance in the Female African Cup of Nations (FACON). With increasing attention on the development of women’s football in Africa, the research sought to understand how administrative practices influence not only team outcomes but also fan engagement and psychological support for athletes during continental tournaments. A descriptive survey research design was employed to gather data from 320 respondents, including sports enthusiasts, team officials, and sport administrators across five African countries. A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect data, and analysis was carried out using both descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and grand mean, as well as inferential statistics including the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) to test the stated hypotheses. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between fans’ perception of tournament management and their support for participating teams. It was also established that poor administrative logistics, inadequate planning, and lack of transparent management negatively impacted team morale and overall competitive performance. Respondents strongly agreed that when tournaments are well-managed, athletes are more motivated, focused, and confident in their performance. The study concludes that quality tournament management is crucial for the psychological readiness and competitive edge of national female teams in Africa. Based on these findings, it is recommended that tournament organizers adopt athlete-centered and transparent administrative strategies, enhance planning and logistics to reduce distractions, and actively engage fans in feedback processes to strengthen their loyalty and support.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: fans’ perception
  topic: keywords
subject: tournament management
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s football
  topic: keywords
subject: team morale
  topic: keywords
subject: administrative planning
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Female African Cup of Nations
  topic: keywords
creator: Udeme Bassey
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Udeme Bassey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/w3zj9q74

NCAA DI Student-Athletes' Understanding of and Attitudes Toward Mental Performance Services
type: item
description: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division (DI) student-athletes have high physical and psychological demands related to their sport. To address these demands, the NCAA has focused on disseminating information and advocating for more resources to help student-athletes improve their psychological well-being. However, most, if not all the information provided by the NCAA has focused on mental health resources, with little discussion about mental performance services. In fact, in the 2023 Transformational Committee report did not list mental performance services as a key resource for student-athletes, meaning that student-athletes likely have limited knowledge about the services or access to a mental performance consultant (MPC) that could help them with various performance challenges. Furthermore, few, if any qualitative studies examine student-athletes to understand what they know and how they feel about these services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to learn about NCAA DI student-athletes' understanding of and attitudes toward mental performance services. Semi-structured one-one-one interviews were conducted with nine NCAA DI student-athletes (6 females, 3 males). Thematic analysis procedures were followed, and two themes were constructed: (a) knowledge of services and characteristics desired of professionals, and (b) a general unawareness of mental performance services. In response to these results and recent NCAA statements, it is suggested that the NCAA consider disseminating more resources and information about mental performance services and advocate for hiring a professional on a full-time, part-time, or contracted basis to assist in meeting student-athlete mental performance needs.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: mental performance services
  topic: keywords
subject: collegiate sport
  topic: keywords
subject: student-athletes
  topic: keywords
subject: qualitative exploration
  topic: keywords
creator: Morgan Eckenrod
creator: Allison Rudisill
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Morgan Eckenrod, Allison Rudisill (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/bjbtxz38

The Integration of motor-mindedness in coaching strategies and its impact on youth athletic performance in Rivers state, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study examined the integration of motor-mindedness in coaching strategies and its impact on youth athletic performance in Rivers State, Nigeria. The was guided by five research questions and five hypotheses. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. Data were collected from a sample of 200 respondents drawn from consisting of 100 coaches and 100 athletes through a structured questionnaire. The study aimed to determine the level of awareness of motor-mindedness among coaches, the extent of its application, the challenges faced in its implementation, and its impact on athlete performance. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, including Mean, Standard deviation, Chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. The results revealed a high level of awareness of motor-mindedness principles among coaches (χ² = 23.78, p = 0.001), with moderate to high levels of application across various motor-psychological techniques. However, several challenges were identified, particularly among less experienced coaches, including inadequate training and institutional support (F = 4.67, p = 0.013). Importantly, athletes coached using motor-mindedness strategies performed significantly better than those trained with conventional methods (t = 3.21, p = 0.002). A strong positive correlation was also found between the use of motor-mindedness strategies and athlete performance (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). The study concludes that while coaches are increasingly aware of and applying motor-mindedness principles, structural and educational barriers persist. It recommends the integration of motor-mindedness into coach education programs and policy frameworks to promote more effective and psychologically grounded coaching practices in Nigeria.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Motor-mindedness
  topic: keywords
subject: Coaching strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Athlete performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Sports psychology
  topic: keywords
subject: Coach experience
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Chinonso Ochor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Chinonso Ochor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/r9mcc004

The Correlation between Net Impulse and Phases of Linear Sprint Performance in University American Football Players
type: item
description: Impulse has been proposed as a reliable performance measure when assessing force generating capacity, during a given time frame, and in recent literature has been investigated to its degree of relationship with sprint performance. This study investigated the correlation between early epochs of net impulse from isometric actions and selected phases of linear sprint performance. A within subject design was employed to assess the correlation between linear sprint performance and epochs of net impulse in 29 university American Football athletes (mean±SD: age = 20.10±1.53 years; height = 181.69±5.63cm; weight = 95.92±22.81kg). Net impulse was measured over epochs of 0-100, 0-150, and 0-200 milliseconds (Newtons per second) via an isometric mid-thigh pull protocol while linear speed was assessed using linear sprint testing (10 and 36.58 metres). Pearson’s r correlation coefficient was used to evaluate correlations between assessed variables and effect size. The analysis demonstrated trivial to small correlations (r=-0.06 to 0.18) between early epochs of net impulse and linear sprint performance. The 10-metre linear sprint performance demonstrated small correlations at 0-150 milliseconds (r=0.18) while the remaining variables revealed trivial correlations. The effect size indicated trivial to small correlations between the assessed variables. Although no significant correlation was found between isometric mid-thigh pull metrics and linear sprint performance these findings provide meaningful insight into the complexity of sprinting mechanics, in the assessed population. If net impulse does not strongly correlate with sprint performance, it may indicate the need to reassess the emphasis placed on isometric strength assessments in sprint profiling.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Force-time Characteristics, Acceleration, Team Sport, Physical Profiling
  topic: keywords
creator: Jack Davies
creator: Max Cooper
creator: Jonathan Hughes
creator: Craig Barden
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jack Davies, Max Cooper, Dr Jonathan Hughes, Dr Craig Barden (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/rntcf697

Exploring coaches’ competence as a predictor of athletes’ sports achievement in south-south Nigeria
type: item
description: This study explores the predictive relationship between coaches’ competence and athletes’ sports achievement in South-South Nigeria, with particular attention to gender and type of sports involved in by the athletes. The study adapted the Feltz et al.’s (1999) coaching competence model, and examined how specific dimensions of coaching competence such as motivation, game strategy, technique, and character building relate to athletes’ sports performance outcomes. A correlational research design was adopted, involving 1,402 athletes selected from a population of 4,669 through multistage sampling from sports commissions and universities across six states in the South-South region of Nigeria. Data were collected using a validated instrument, the Coaches' Competence and Athletes’ Sports Achievement Questionnaire (CCASAQ), and analysed with Pearson’s product-moment correlation and Fisher’s Z transformation. Findings revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between coaches’ competence and athletes’ achievement. Moreover, the relationship was stronger among female athletes compared to their male counterparts, and more pronounced in team sports than in individual sports. The study highlights the critical role of coaching competence in shaping athlete performance and recommends sustained investment in coach development programs to enhance sports outcomes across diverse athlete populations.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: : Coaches, competence, Athletes, Sports achievement, Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: CHRISTOPHER OSAS ALUYA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DR. Christopher O. Aluya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/wsj2q584

The Phenomenon of Sports Violence in the Stadiums of the Kurdistan Region from the Perspective of Students of the Sports Institute in Akrê
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to explore the phenomenon of sports violence from the perspective of students at the Sports Institute in Akre, and to identify statistical differences based on the study variables (gender, academic year, and place of residence). The sample consisted of 79 male and female students from the institute, selected using the intentional method. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach in this study and employed a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the overall level of sports violence was moderate. Statistically significant differences were found regarding the variable of place of residence, favoring students residing in urban areas. Additionally, there were significant differences related to the academic year, favoring third-year students. However, no statistically significant differences were found with respect to gender. The researchers recommended holding conferences, seminars, and workshops aimed at addressing the phenomenon of sports violence in Akre and the Kurdistan Region. Keywords: Violence in the Stadiums, Perspective, Sports Institute.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Basketball
  topic: keywords
subject: adsdasd
  topic: keywords
subject: asggnytehy
  topic: keywords
creator: Adris Saleeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adris Saleeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/k3vkjs33

A Comparative Study of Psychological Stress Among Students of Selected Scientific and Humanitarian Colleges at the University of Duhok
type: item
description: The current study aimed to examine psychological stress among students at the University of Duhok by achieving the following objectives: identifying the level of psychological stress among students from selected scientific and humanities colleges at the University of Duhok; determining the significance of differences in stress levels between students who engage in sports activities and those who do not; and examining the significance of differences in psychological stress based on the variables of college affiliation and gender. The researchers defined the study population to include all students enrolled in the Colleges of Engineering, Science, Basic Education, and Physical Education and Sport Sciences during the 2023–2024 , totaling 6,348 students. A sample of 388 students (male and female) was selected randomly, representing 6.11% of the total population. The study adopted the descriptive approach for data analysis. The researchers utilized the Psychological Stress Scale developed by Ali (2005). The following statistical methods were employed: Pearson correlation , Spearman-Brown correction formula, means and standard deviations, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The study yielded the following results: A moderate level of psychological stress was observed among students from selected scientific and humanities colleges at the University of Duhok. No statistically significant differences were found between the mean stress scores of students who engage in sports and those who do not. Statistically significant differences were found among the participants based on the variables of college affiliation and gender. Keywords: Psychological Stress, University Students, Scientific and Humanitarian Colleges, Gender Differences
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: University Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific and Humanitarian Colleges
  topic: keywords
creator: Kawar Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 kawar mustafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/vjpht724

The Contribution Ratio of Selected Physical Attributes to the Performance of Selected Basic Offensive Skills in Basketball among Players of the University of Zakho National Team
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the contribution of selected physical attributes—namely strength, speed, and balance—to the performance of key offensive skills in basketball, including passing, dribbling, and shooting. The research utilized a descriptive correlational methodology and involved a purposive sample of 12 players from the University of Zakho basketball team, representing the full population of the study. To achieve the objectives, data were collected using expert-approved physical and skill-based tests. Statistical methods such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the relationships and determine the predictive power of the physical attributes. The findings revealed a strong, statistically significant negative correlation between speed and passing performance, indicating that increased physical speed enhances passing efficiency. While other relationships between physical attributes and offensive skills were not statistically significant, they demonstrated practical trends. Regression models explained a notable proportion of performance variance—ranging from 42% to 47%—with speed emerging as the most influential variable in passing and shooting, and strength showing a moderate influence on dribbling. The study concludes that targeted development of speed and strength should be prioritized in training programs to enhance offensive performance in basketball. It recommends further research with larger and more diverse samples and encourages the inclusion of additional physical attributes such as agility and neuromuscular coordination in future studies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical Attributes
  topic: keywords
subject: Skill Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Basketball
  topic: keywords
creator: Qahraman Zainal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Qahraman Zainal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/3php5571

Mechanomyographic Amplitude-Force Relationships of the Biceps Brachii Differ Between Sexes During Linearly Varying Muscle Actions and Provide Insight on Muscle Morphology
type: item
description: This study compared mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS)-force relationships of the biceps brachii (BB) between sexes during moderate- and high-intensity increasing, steady, and decreasing isometric motor tasks. Twenty participants (ten males, ten females) performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the elbow flexors followed by isometric trapezoidal muscle actions at 40% and 70% MVC. MMG signals were recorded from the BB. MMGRMS-force relationships during the increasing and decreasing segments were log-transformed to calculate a (gain) and b (slope) terms. MMGRMS was averaged during steady force. BB muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) was measured via ultrasonography. The b terms, collapsed across segment and intensity, were greater for males (0.665±0.160) than the females (0.360±0.184; p<0.001). The a terms for the females during the 40% MVC (0.103±0.101) were greater than the males (0.018±0.014; p=0.026). MMGRMS, collapsed across intensity, was greater in males (0.256±0.091 m·s-2) than females (0.159±0.041 m·s-2; p=0.006). mCSA was correlated with the b terms (p=0.001; r=0.67) and MMGRMS (p<0.001; r=0.75). The greater b terms for the males and the relationships between b terms and mCSA may result from larger MUs producing greater twitch forces throughout the recruitment spectrum. MMGRMS differentiated BB MU behavior between sexes during various muscle actions and was sensitive to muscle size.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biceps brachii
  topic: keywords
subject: Log-transform model
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanomyography
  topic: keywords
subject: Motor unit activation/deactivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ultrasonography
  topic: keywords
creator: Brenden Roth
creator: Alex Olmos
creator: Kylie Sears
creator: Tony Montgomery
creator: Taylor Dinyer-McNeely
creator: Shane Hammer
creator: Haley Bergstrom
creator: Ethan Hill
creator: Pasquale Succi
creator: Lyric Richardson
creator: Sean Lubiak
creator: Michael Trevino
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Brenden Roth, Alex Olmos, Kylie Sears, Tony Montgomery, Taylor Dinyer-McNeely, Shane Hammer, Haley Bergstrom, Ethan Hill, Pasquale Succi, Lyric Richardson, Sean Lubiak, Michael Trevino (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
doi: 10.63750/9j1ghf75